Born in 1913 in Riga, Latvia, he was a youthful activist of “Beitar” and the “Hisdadrut ha-Zionit”. In 1933−34 he was a commander of a “Beitar” cell in Riga and, up to Soviet occupation, was deputy commander of “Beitar” in Latvia. From 1946 he began fighting for the freedom of Soviet Jews to leave the Soviet Union but was arrested in 1951, charged with concealing his “Beitar” allegiance and sentenced by OSO (Special extrajudicial tribunal) to 10 years imprisonment which he served in the Vorkuta camps. He was released in 1954 and got to Israel in 1971.
